Effects Of Light Pollution - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1495 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/04/15 Category Ecology Essay Level High school Tags: Pollution Essay Did you like this example? Many species rely on natural light sources to set activity times for accomplishing activities like navigation and reproduction. Throughout the world, more than one billion people live within a hundred kilometers of a coastline. This causes many coastline marine ecosystems to be exposed to nighttime artificial light. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Effects Of Light Pollution" essay for you Create order (Figure 1, Davies et al. 2014). This addition of light alters the natural cycle of many species. The release of the hormone, melatonin, can be disrupted (Rodriguez et al. 2018). This hormone controls the circadian rhythm. In 2010, 354,760 kilometers of the worlds coastlines were exposed to nightly artificial light pollution with Europe having the highest amount of coastline affected by light pollution (Davies et al. 2014). Glare, skyglow, light trespass, and clutter make up light pollution. Glare is the undue brightness of a light source. Over-illumination is the use of too much light. Light clutter is having too many lights in a single location. Light trespass is the presence of light in unwanted areas. Skyglow is the increase in the brightness of the sky due to the scattering of light by water, dust and atmospheric gas molecules (Gaston et al. 2012). The sources of light pollution can be divided into two groups: temporary sources and permanent sources. Temporary sources include lights from shipping and light fisheries. Offshore oil platforms and land-based developments are examples of permanent sources. Light pollution can cause disorientation in many species that use natural light cues to navigate like sea turtle hatchlings. Bird strikes can also occur on artificially lit vessels at sea (Figure 3, Davies et al. 2014). The broadening spectrum of artificial light increases the opportunities for predat ors to find prey. For example, harbor seals have been spotted hunting salmon in illuminated areas (Depledge et al. 2012). The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) currently does not recognize light pollution as a pollutant. There are efforts to quantify the extent of the threat, develop a sound knowledge base and design and implement protective measures. When mapping and modelling light pollution, the vertical and horizontal variability need to be taken into consideration. For example, turbidity affects the intensity of light. The overall impacts of light pollution can be reduced. The intensity and spectrum of artificial light can be controlled by using narrow band optical filters and LEDs. Long term databases can quantify light pollution and monitor the effectiveness of reduction measures. Since 1992, The U.S. Air Force Defense Meteorological Satellite Program Operational Linescan System has been collecting measurements of artificial light (Kamrowski et al. 2012). The International Dark-Sky Associations Dark Sky Parks and the United Kingdoms Science and Technology Facilities Councils Dark Sky Discovery Sites are examples of national and international programs that focus on the importance of dark skies. By creating marine dark sky parks the effects of light pollution can be limited and the benefits to society, the environment, and the economic gains through nature tourism are maximized (Davies et al. 2014). In Norfolk County, Massachusetts, Lake Waban is surrounded by residential and commercial areas as well as major highways. Within this lake the depth distribution of zooplankton is affected by light. When there is a full moon, the light decreases the movement of Daphnia (Moore et al, 2000). Moore et al. (2000) conducted a study to determine if the extent of zooplankton migration is affected by urban light sources. Three black enclosures and 3 clear enclosures that were closed at the top and open on the bottom were set up at 11.5 meters whic h is the deepest part of the lake. In the black enclosures, there was the greatest amount of movement of Daphnia (Figure 1, Moore et al. 2000). When there was light pollution, there was either no diel vertical migration of Daphnia or its movement was reduced to an undetectable distance. In clear lakes with low concentration of dissolved organic carbon and algae, the effects of light pollution should be the greatest (Moore et al. 2000). The effects of light pollution on sea turtles is well studied because they are vulnerable to disorientation from artificial light near nesting areas. Sea turtle hatchlings rely on visual brightness to find their way back to sea. They head away from the dark, landward silhouettes and head towards the open, lower, brighter seaward horizon (Lorne and Salmon 2007). Upon the arrival at sea, sea turtles rely on wave direction and an internal magnetic compass (Thums et al. 2016). The presence of artificial light sources disrupts this process and the added time spent on the beach can cause exhaustion, dehydration, and increase the risk of predation. Tens of thousands of hatchlings die each year as a result of disorientation (Lorne and Salmon 2007). To better understand how disorientation affects hatchlings, two tests can be conducted: short crawl tests and crawl duration tests. Short crawl tests determine if the ability of a hatchling to swim away from shore is affected by a brief crawl in the wrong direction. A crawl duration test determines whether or not the length of time turtles spend going in the wrong direction affects their ability to find the sea.A 2-hr misdirected crawl weakens the ability to crawl on straight paths to the sea. As the number of heavily lit beaches increases, the number of available dark nesting beaches will decrease. This means that there will be a greater concentration of nesting females on suitable beaches which leads to greater competition. Also, having to find new beaches may take hatchlings away from beaches that have favorable oceanographic conditions. The presence of ocean waves impacts the hatchlings ability to make it to sea. In the presence of waves, all hatchlings oriented away from the sho re . When no waves were present, the hatchlings that started from the west were not oriented to the sea. Five swam parallel to the shore, one remained at the release site, one swam away from shore then reversed direction and returned to the release site and three others swam away from shore. This shows that when waves are absent, offshore orientation depends on the successful completion of a seaward-directed crawl (Figure 2, Lorne and Salmon 2007). To better understand how light affects green sea turtle hatchlings at Wobiri Beach, North West Cape, Western Australia, miniature acoustic transmitters and passive receiver arrays were deployed. The transmitters would detach from each animal after one to two weeks. Acoustic receivers were set up in parallel rows beginning from the low tide mark. The tagged hatchlings were released under two conditions: ambient light and artificial light. The information gathered included the total time spent in the array, speed of each turtle and the bearing from where it was released to where it left the array. The results showed that one one hatchling returned to shore after arriving at the light but it finally left shore and the array. Ocean conditions differed on each night of this study. During the first night, there was a strong wind blowing from the west. The swell waves that usually break parallel to shore were disrupted. One the second night, there was little wind and waves. The turtles spen t more time in the lit array on the first night. In the ambient treatment, hatchlings had similar movement patterns on both nights. In the artificial lit array, the hatchlings were strongly attracted to the light (Figure 3, Thums et al. 2017). Also shown by the black line in part d of this figure is one hatchling that returned to shore after reaching the light and then headed out to sea and left the array. Six out the seven species of sea turtles nest along Australias coastline. There are several factors that affect how bright a light appears to a turtle: the light intensity, wavelength and turtle spectral sensitivity (Kamrowski et al. 2012). Hatchlings are sensitive to wavelengths of light between violet and green (400-500 nanometers). There are ten nesting locations throughout Australia that are potentially at risk from light pollution (Figure 2, Kamrowski et al. 2012). In Western Australia, loggerhead turtles appeared relatively unaffected by light pollution. In the eastern Australian management unit, 22% of the nesting sites had light pollution exposure (Kamrowski et al. 2012). For green sea turtles, in eastern Australia, the risk of light pollution in the southern Great Barrier Reef stock was significantly higher than the northern stock. Olive ridley sea turtles were relatively unaffected by light pollution. Lastly, North West Shelf flatback sea turtles appeared to be exposed to s ignificantly more light pollution than sites in eastern Australia (Kamrowski et al. 2000). This paper took a large spatial approach and the results can help in developing effective management tools for protecting sea turtles from artificial light. The Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission has set guidelines for assisting disorientated hatchlings. According to these guidelines, if hatchlings fail to crawl seaward, they should be moved closer to the water or released in shallow water near the shore. These guidelines fail to address the proper locations for releases. These locations should be on a dark beach and different locations on the beach should be used each night because predators can learn where the hatchlings enter the water (Lorne and Salmon 2007).

Implementing The Above Decisions Reached By Sir Adam Smith

Assuming that I decide to implement the above decisions reached by sir Adam Smith, the potentially interested stakeholders that would be displeased by the decision would be, the company as whole which comprises of the employees, junior and senior management, board of directors and shareholders associated, apart from them there would be suppliers, distributors and channel partners which include health care systems that help the company promote their baby food products to potential customers being mothers. The recommendation that I would suggest, that according to me should be palatable to these stakeholders would be, first to be a genuine company that seeks public good instead of deceiving their trust and manipulating their demand for achieving few profits. Furthermore I would suggest that the company and the stakeholders should stop playing around with people’s feelings and emotions causing them to risk the lives of their loved ones just for their own and company’s in terest just by advertising lies and tricking the customers who get ripped apart for their decision of trusting the company for selling and meeting their needs as promoted which is unfair. As a result they should stop these practices and become honest, fair and creditable. According to the capitalist decision rule regarding morality of action the company should carry out the cost benefit analysis which would firstly comprise of cost to the firm for taking the action that would include prices to decrease andShow MoreRelatedDoes Sustainability Reporting Improve Corporate Behaviour?: Wrong Question? Right Time?14566 Words   |  59 Pages2004:14) *The author is Professor of Social and Environmental Accounting at the University of St Andrews. 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Panama Canal Argumentative Essay Example For Students

Panama Canal Argumentative Essay The canal was the best thing that ever happened to Panama. The Panama Canal was started under President Roosevelt and completed by his successor, William Howard Taft. The canal was built across an isthmus, a narrow body of land that connects two larger land areas, which connects North and South America. In some places in Panama the isthmus is only 50 miles across. The French started the canal in the late 1800’s. They had just built the then famous Suez Canal with relative ease. The Suez Canal, unlike the Panama Canal, was a straight canal on level ground, in a relatively dry climate. The French had failed in building the Panama Canal because of the tropical climate, in which deadly tropical diseases consumed their workers, and because of the mountain range in which they could not cut through. He had planned to build the canal in the way of the Suez Canal, straight and sea level. You can see the trouble with trying to cut out that much land, through the mountain range, making i t at sea level. The Americans tried their hand in the early 1900’s. Three main people helped made the canal a success. Teddy Roosevelt was one of those people; he saw the military importance of a canal. He called for the cruiser, Oregon, to sail around South America from San Francisco to Cuba so it could be present in the battle at Santiago Bay. The entire journey took ten weeks. He was the driving force in getting the permission to build the canal because he realized the importance of having a â€Å"shortcut† through the isthmus, bypassing sailing around South America. A trip from San Francisco to New York via Cape Horn is 15,200 miles, but going through the isthmus is only 6,100 miles. The second person was Colonel William Gorgas, who was chosen to stamp out the deadly tropical diseases. The third was the great engineer, Colonel George Goethals, who was charged with cutting through the treacherous mountain range. Instead of cutting straight though the land, he devise d building lochs, in which the boats would be raised gradually. Back then the land in which the canal was to be built was owned by Columbia. Theodore Roosevelt asked the Columbians for permission to build the canal, but they refused. People living on the isthmus were dissenting from the Columbian government and eventually revolted and set up the independent Republic of Panama. â€Å"It was Roosevelt who â€Å"took the isthmus,† regardless of the niceties of international law and Congressional debate.† – The Good Neighbor: Teddy’s Big Ditch, Building the Canal. When the Panamanians revolted Teddy saw this as the perfect investment to get the canal underway. He supported the Panamanians and sent warships to stop any help from the Columbian government to put down the rebellion. The Panamanians declared their independence and were very grateful towards the Americans. The Americans leased a strip of land, called the Panama Canal Zone, for $10,000,000. The land was forty-five miles long and ten miles wide and the American’s paid a $430,000 rent every year. In 1904, they agreed to let the United States build the canal, which was continued on the old French canal. The canal cost a little more than $395,000,000 and was considered the â€Å"†¦greatest man-made waterway†¦Ã¢â‚¬  – Our American Neighbors: Panama, Crossroads of the World. The canal has been a great source of revenue for the U.S. and Panama. Each ship that passes through the canal pays by the ton of cargo it has. The larger ships that pass through the canal pay from $15,000 to $20,000. The 52,000 American and Panamanians that lived in the Panama Canal Zone were employed in some way to the canal. It provided jobs for many people. The U.S. government has built and maintained homes, libraries, hospitals, clubs, and schools in the Canal Zone. Because of the canal Panama has been become known to the world as â€Å"the crossroads of the world.† Panama ha s become a very diverse country, with peoples ranging from Japanese, Chinese, West Indies, Frenchmen, Italians, Turks, Americans, and Panamanians. .u5f8e5e8fc38b5ac57c6b92a4ddea40c3 , .u5f8e5e8fc38b5ac57c6b92a4ddea40c3 .postImageUrl , .u5f8e5e8fc38b5ac57c6b92a4ddea40c3 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5f8e5e8fc38b5ac57c6b92a4ddea40c3 , .u5f8e5e8fc38b5ac57c6b92a4ddea40c3:hover , .u5f8e5e8fc38b5ac57c6b92a4ddea40c3:visited , .u5f8e5e8fc38b5ac57c6b92a4ddea40c3:active { border:0!important; } .u5f8e5e8fc38b5ac57c6b92a4ddea40c3 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5f8e5e8fc38b5ac57c6b92a4ddea40c3 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5f8e5e8fc38b5ac57c6b92a4ddea40c3:active , .u5f8e5e8fc38b5ac57c6b92a4ddea40c3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5f8e5e8fc38b5ac57c6b92a4ddea40c3 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5f8e5e8fc38b5ac57c6b92a4ddea40c3 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5f8e5e8fc38b5ac57c6b92a4ddea40c3 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5f8e5e8fc38b5ac57c6b92a4ddea40c3 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5f8e5e8fc38b5ac57c6b92a4ddea40c3:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5f8e5e8fc38b5ac57c6b92a4ddea40c3 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5f8e5e8fc38b5ac57c6b92a4ddea40c3 .u5f8e5e8fc38b5ac57c6b92a4ddea40c3-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5f8e5e8fc38b5ac57c6b92a4ddea40c3:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Autism Essay Much of the population realizes the American importance in Panama and the benefits that they have brought to Panama. About 71 percent of the population of Panama said that the American bases were healthy for the country, and 8 out of 10 people said that the American bases should have stayed. Because of the Americans and the canal the Panamanians have a standardized currency, the dollar. The canal has brought good American schools and Americans in the Canal Zone â€Å"inject† about $300 million into the local economy every year, that’s the country’s third largest source of income. The Panama Canal and the Americans that it brought was the best thing to happen to Panama. It brought diversity to the country as well as many good American institutions, such as school, libraries, and hospitals. It brought good education to the country as well as a standardized currency. The Canal Zone employed many of the residents and the Americans living there put in $300 million a year into the economy. The canal itself is a good source of income to the Panamanians; when the Americans paid the rent when they were there and now, from ships paying fees. Overall, the Panamanians greatly benefited from the canal as a people and as a country. Bibliography: